Accounting Theory and Current Issue Samples for Students

The assignment intends to provide an extensive analysis of the article named Half a Deface of Positive Accounting Research†. The emphasis of this has been given with positive accounting in a broader aspect of the research where the main focus has been given in forming a casual description of the human behavior stated in the accounting framework rather than on PAT in accounting perspective. Moreover, the present segments has included by their positivist research program which has been identified with various deficiencies in practical scenario. The present segmentation has been able to bring out the inherent intricacies which are mainly constituted in the speculative models where the dependence is seen to takes place in hypothesis and that attention is given on the computation of numerical data [1]. The research has been further able to involve the intellectual projects after taking into consideration various types of positive accounting research along with advantages and disadvantages. The project has been aligned with ontology as well as epistemology. With emphasis to the present context the conduction of critical review related to positive accounting has been identified with various loopholes and this has restricted making contributions to the overall research project[2]. The study has been further conducted to give a brief overview of the article and critical analysis of each aspect which needs to be covered in the final section. Furthermore, the study will give an augmented focus to the different aspects of identifying research hypothesis, the description of the value and ensure smooth flow of data in the literature review. Hence, the theoretical framework has been seen to give proper insights of the information with different significance and limitations of the articles an d proper justification for the same[3]. With relevance to the particular article associated to Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research†, the main investigations of the research with respect to accounting research has been put on positive approach. In the accounting research associated with a positive approach has a connection with broader intellectual projects related to scientific research as it aims to analyze the various relationships associated to cause and effects. It has been further seen that the deficiencies in the positive accounting research has been mainly identified in form of selection of various papers which has taken into consideration auditing literature. Based on the analysis it has been understood that the positive research is used in accounting when there exists certain loopholes for the accomplishment of the scientific goal and it has been for the seen to be applicable after selecting the illustrative papers fit for conducting the research. In addition to this, the description given by Kuhn shows those normal sciences are seen to actually suit with the positive research of the accounting activities. It has been thereby noted that the various prospects associated to this revolution and the crisis has been properly mentioned along with the several types of potentials and accomplishment of positive accounting. The summary of the article has been further able to signify the importance for the identification of the loopholes in order to make proper recommendations during the conclusion of the study[4]. The study is in for the described with the researcher on the criterion given by Popper, this has been able to prove the point that the induction is not the sole measurement for the accuracy of any given theory. In other terms the article has been able to provide a brief review of falsification associated to positive accounting theories. There has been identified a total of four classes associated to the description that are used for error measurement, external effects, internal effect and the various types of inefficiencies of the relativity theory. It has been further noted that a specific theory cannot be anecdotal with the various observations and hence it is imperative to select between two or more theories. It needs to be further understood that the decisive observations has actually falsified the inaccuracies in the theories which are inherent in the case and seem to be supporting and opposing theory[5].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This particular article has been further aim to provide an extensive dissection of the various types of limitations and the logic which are related to the statistical hypothesis testing. In this particular case, it has been discussed that it is a very dilutive version of the acquisition logic of Popper. This reason for this has been shown with every single test out of 20 may be wrongly rejected with 5% significance level. In this particular way there have been several technical issues present which are related to hypothesis testing and statistical distribution which is considered under null hypothesis and relies upon the supplementary assumptions. It has been further view that in case the technical issue has been resolved then there is a high chance that the hypothesis testing would fail. Therefore, it can be seen to be inherent only in case single alternative hypothesis has been taken into consideration without adequate focus in careful specification. This specification has been fur ther seen to be consistent with several types of accounting theories when it is seen to provide the association with the strength. Hence, the researchers seem to rely on the need for developing improved measurement procedure in order to test the theoretical models rigorously which prevails in the accounting practices[6]. The various types of hypothesis further research in the examination of the very day of positive accounting research has been listed below are as follows: H0: It has been seen that there has been an existence of the universe which is beyond the imagination of an individual H1: The events taking place in the world have sufficient reasons and form a part of the universe as well H2: the individuals are seen to octane high level of reliable source of the information associated to the global events with the assistance of vigilant observation H3: the various intention of intellectual property for observation has been utilized for gaining global understanding of the universe in case of causation The first hypothesis of the study has been able to test with different types of instances of positive research in accounting. It has been also seen with several operation of rational self-interest and interacting within the other parties who has been seeing to express opinion and the result of analysis of positive theories of accounting[7]. The significance of testing of the second hypothesis has been seen with understanding of scientific epistemology along with ontology which has been able to explain that the research of positive accounting is not ideal for the accounting research. Hence, it doesn’t seem to be essential to advocate the various events which are not seen to be taking place as a result of random or output of the interventions associated to outside universe[8]. The third hypothesis test of the researchers and seen to be discussing the falsifications and the hypothesis testing as a regular determination of validity of their actions. In addition to this, the theory has been able to require the proper examination of the facts you are preliminary idea has been developed. It is seen as a formal theory which can be actually developed with testable anticipations and is consistent with the various types of relevant dependable empirical evidences. Therefore, it has been seen to be necessary for the anticipants for testing of the new theory based on several types of new observations in a particular situation where the new theories make certain anticipations with the old ones[9]. The final hypothesis test has been seen as significant impact on the various models which focuses on the measurement. This is the same with mental models which can be used for the mapping of casual procedures in the universe. It is therefore important for the researcher to formulate the hypothesis which can be properly related to the review section of the literature. It has been identified that there are various theoretical frameworks which can be used to meet the objectives of the research. The operation of the balanced self-interest is seen to be taking place between the parties they are the outcome of the several accounting phenomena has been seen to be implied through the express contract in the various types of business enterprises. In addition to this these have been seen to cover the various accounting choices where the managers reports as well as takes charge of pricing decisions on behalf of the auditors. In this case, the auditors identified as the decision-makers by the use of various regulations based on standard setting and other professional advice to the academic practitioners. It has been further seen to be imperative to consider the fact which has been seen to be useful for determining the information assisting the investors in making investment decisions. This action has been actually seen to be reduced from the behavior of the human beings who are seen as rational in nature and does not include the theory of positive accounting. There has been for the seen a proper instance associated with article which helps in identification of the loopholes after a proper evaluation of the research[10]. On the other hand, that proper investigation of the accounting research is noted with various types of accounting settings which can take place in absence of: behavior. Such method is seen to be used by professional auditors in making judgments’. This particular method has been further seen to be used by the managers, who use this information to utilize discretion during the performance evaluation. There have been several instances which are seen to be helpful for demonstrating the positive research program and it is actually seen to be much wider in comparison with the positive accounting theory. It can be related to any specific field of research which intends to gain proper insight associated to the causes of accounting phenomena as well as nature after following a relevant scientific research of accounting. And it has been seen to be significant to have a better measurement tool so as to enhance the overall quality of the decision-making process in the future years[11]. The epistemological in the field of scientific research majorly ends in the explanation of various approaches which are available for gaining useful insight of the whole world. On the other hand, ontology relates to the activities as well as the relations for answering the questions. In the first place, the agency in theory has been seen to be socially developed through the rules as there is a close association with social art that does not have an object is subsistence which is seen to be devoid of human beings. Here the participants as well as the activities are not seen to pose any rational activities. It can be further understood that the art cannot be observed as a devoid of experience especially with the human beings explanation given by the participants. The intricacies taking place in the ontological and the epistemological measures has been seen with their agenda to gain proper insight of the data associated to accounting phenomena and its futile exercise of flogging of a de ad horse[12]. It has been further seen to be associated with various problems with the positive research as it is seen to explode the experience and the knowledge of the underlying reasons. There have been several research streams which has diverse range of the object is which are seen to actually exist in the given period of time. There are several other issues which are related to the agency and due to this reason is human beings are seen to pose their own veil and the actions are further seem to cause that are not acquiescent to scientific theory[13]. The need for effective research program has been seen with issues prevailing in the accounting. The need for the analytical model is seen to be helpful for testing as well as the formation of various types of theoretical models. In addition to this it has been seen to be helpful for implementing of analytical models in the positive accounting research program. The need for the measurement rather than only testing the Presidio is seen to be important procedure by the researchers. With particular relevance to accounting, the biasness has been noted with strong publication in and against the parameters, which is seen to exclude the same which has been associated with a given theory. This is due to the reason that there is a shortage of resource of accounting and adequate availability of the resource at the same time[14].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main significance of the article has been associated to identify the broad which exist with the current practices and the positive accounting. It is further seem to be important for making relevant contributions and said it to broader intellectual program. Due to this reason there has been seen to be in absence of system optimization which modifies the same after rectification of a mistake. This is particularly aimed to provide rational insight of the scientific research where it is validated after participation of accounting groups. The research has helped in identification of improved theoretical models which are more reliable in nature[15]. The main limitation has been identified in form of not contributing to the awareness of human behavior in the present accounting context. The main reason for this has been identified in form of lack of collection of information associated to real life from the potential sources. The limitations have been further associated to primary and secondary data which are seen to hinder the quality of research. This particular research has been seen to be made with influences from the authors who had their opinions based on positive research accounting hands that quantitative aspect has not seen to be properly addressed[16].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study can be concluded by providing an article which aims to evaluate the various concept of epistemological villas ontology of the positive accounting theory which has been identified with certain loopholes. It has been further recommended by the researcher that some of the theoretical models used in the articles needs to be formulated based on the detailed test of the accounting variables. Hence it is necessary for conduct in the findings of proxies which relates to the present reliable data. It has been further noted that the behavior of human beings are seen to be rational where everything does not seem to take place from the positive theory of accounting. Hence it has been seen to be significant to consider quantitative aspects of the accounting which needs to be prioritized in this case for improving the future performance of the business organization. Apostolou, Barbara, et al. "Accounting education literature review (2013–2014)."  Journal of Accounting Education  33.2 (2015): 69-127. Apostolou, Barbara, et al. "Accounting education literature review (2010–2012)."  Journal of Accounting Education  31.2 (2013): 107-161. Bampton, Roberta, and Christopher J. Cowton. "Taking stock of accounting ethics scholarship: A review of the journal literature."  Journal of Business Ethics  114.3 (2013): 549-563. Blanthorne, Cynthia, and Stu Westin. "VITA: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature and an Analysis of the Program in Accounting Education in the US."  Issues in Accounting Education  31.1 (2015): 51-69. Chen, Theodore TY. "Is reform in accounting education needed in China and Russia: A literature review."  Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal  9.3 (2015): 72. Deegan, Craig. "So, who really is a â€Å"noted author† within the accounting literature? A reflection on Benson et al.(2015)."  Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal  29.3 (2016): 483-490. Doxey, Marcus M., et al. "Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Release No. 2015-004, Supplemental Request for Comment: Rules to Require Disclosure of Certain Audit Participants on a New PCAOB Form: Participating Committee Members."  Current Issues in Auditing  10.1 (2015): C1-C10. Fakharzadeh, Tala. "Budgeting and Accounting in OECD Education Systems: A Literature Review."  OECD Education Working Papers  128 (2016): 0_1. Howieson, Bryan, et al. "Who should teach what? Australian perceptions of the roles of universities and practice in the education of professional accountants."  Journal of Accounting Education  32.3 (2014): 259-275. Lafond, C. Andrew, Anna C. McAleer, and Kristin Wentzel. "Enhancing the Link between Technology and Accounting in Introductory Courses: Evidence From Students."  Journal of the Academy of Business Education  17 (2016). Lawson, Raef A., et al. "Focusing accounting curricula on students' long-run careers: Recommendations for an integrated competency-based framework for accounting education."  Issues in Accounting Education  29.2 (2013): 295-317. Schmidt, Ulrike, and Thomas Gà ¼nther. "Public sector accounting research in the higher education sector: a systematic literature review."  Management Review Quarterly  (2016): 1-31. Siepel, Josh, and Paul Nightingale. "The increasing pervasiveness of financial markets across the global economy has been identified in the literature with the spread of ‘Anglo-Saxon capitalism’, reflecting the notion that a common US–UK model of governance and managerial attitudes is becoming increasingly common worldwide. This paper questions the existence of a common US–UK model by exploring how the concept of ‘Anglo-Saxon capitalism’..."  Critical Perspectives on Accounting  25.1 (2014): 27-35. Tucker, Basil P. "Figuratively speaking: analogies in the accounting classroom."  Accounting Education  26.2 (2017): 166-190. Webb, Jill, and Caroline Chaffer. "The expectation performance gap in accounting education: a review of generic skills development in UK accounting degrees."  Accounting Education  25.4 (2016): 349-367. Webb, Jill, and Caroline Chaffer. "The expectation performance gap in accounting education: a review of generic skills development in UK accounting degrees."  Accounting Education  25.4 (2016): 349-367 [1] Apostolou, Barbara, et al. "Accounting education literature review (2010–2012)."  Journal of Accounting Education  31.2 (2013): 107-161. [2] Schmidt, Ulrike, and Thomas Gà ¼nther. "Public sector accounting research in the higher education sector: a systematic literature review."  Management Review Quarterly  (2016): 1-31 [3] Apostolou, Barbara, et al. "Accounting education literature review (2013–2014)."  Journal of Accounting Education  33.2 (2015): 69-127. [4] Lafond, C. Andrew, Anna C. McAleer, and Kristin Wentzel. "Enhancing the Link between Technology and Accounting in Introductory Courses: Evidence From Students."  Journal of the Academy of Business Education  17 (2016) [5] Siepel, Josh, and Paul Nightingale. "The increasing pervasiveness of financial markets across the global economy has been identified in the literature with the spread of ‘Anglo-Saxon capitalism’, reflecting the notion that a common US–UK model of governance and managerial attitudes is becoming increasingly common worldwide. This paper questions the existence of a common US–UK model by exploring how the concept of ‘Anglo-Saxon capitalism’..."  Critical Perspectives on Accounting  25.1 (2014): 27-35. [6] Chen, Theodore TY. "Is reform in accounting education needed in China and Russia: A literature review."  Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal  9.3 (2015): 72. [7] Howieson, Bryan, et al. "Who should teach what? Australian perceptions of the roles of universities and practice in the education of professional accountants."  Journal of Accounting Education  32.3 (2014): 259-275. [8] Fakharzadeh, Tala. "Budgeting and Accounting in OECD Education Systems: A Literature Review."  OECD Education Working Papers  128 (2016): 0_1. [9] Deegan, Craig. "So, who really is a â€Å"noted author† within the accounting literature? A reflection on Benson et al.(2015)."  Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal  29.3 (2016): 483-490. [10] Blanthorne, Cynthia, and Stu Westin. "VITA: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature and an Analysis of the Program in Accounting Education in the US."  Issues in Accounting Education  31.1 (2015): 51-69. [11] Webb, Jill, and Caroline Chaffer. "The expectation performance gap in accounting education: a review of generic skills development in UK accounting degrees."  Accounting Education  25.4 (2016): 349-367. [12] Doxey, Marcus M., et al. "Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Release No. 2015-004, Supplemental Request for Comment: Rules to Require Disclosure of Certain Audit Participants on a New PCAOB Form: Participating Committee Members."  Current Issues in Auditing  10.1 (2015): C1-C10. [13] Tucker, Basil P. "Figuratively speaking: analogies in the accounting classroom."  Accounting Education  26.2 (2017): 166-190. [14] Bampton, Roberta, and Christopher J. Cowton. "Taking stock of accounting ethics scholarship: A review of the journal literature."  Journal of Business Ethics  114.3 (2013): 549-563. [15] Lawson, Raef A., et al. "Focusing accounting curricula on students' long-run careers: Recommendations for an integrated competency-based framework for accounting education."  Issues in Accounting Education  29.2 (2013): 295-317. [16] Webb, Jill, and Caroline Chaffer. "The expectation performance gap in accounting education: a review of generic skills development in UK accounting degrees."  Accounting Education  25.4 (2016): 349-367.

Leadership Trait for Successful Women Entrepreneurs Literature review

Leadership Trait for Successful Women Entrepreneurs - Literature review Example However, the opportunities which women have to start business enterprises as entrepreneurs would enable them to apply their unique attributes in a leadership style which would allow them to achieve success. The issue of leadership trait has been studied extensively which leaves us with a question of whether there is an appropriate leadership style that women should employ in order for them to be considered as successful and influential leaders. This paper presents a literature review on women entrepreneurs as leaders with a view of answering a question as to whether they require a specific leadership style or attributes for effectiveness and success as entrepreneurial leaders. Research has been conducted on leadership traits which are associated with gendered attributes. It has been argued therefore that the male gender has attributes that makes men more qualified for leadership positions (Burke and Collins, 2001, p. 244). This illustrates that women have been stereotyped within orga nizations and institutions. It is also argued that the diversity in the work place and the economic crises which are being experienced by the contemporary organizations are attributed to the limitations of leadership opportunities for women (Enhai, 2011, p. 111). The observation that the number of women who lead large organizations is smaller than that of men demonstrates the stereotyping of women leadership. Studies of typical leadership styles illustrate that women demonstrate some leadership qualities that are superior to that of men (Mukherji and Jain, 2009, p. 63). With the increased number of women who are venturing into entrepreneurship, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate leadership trait that would match with the natural attributes of women which would enable them to be effective leaders. The traditional gender stereotyping against women has reduced significantly over time (Lopez-Zafra, Garcia-Retamero and Berrios Martos, 2012, p. 97). Traditionally, financier s had wrong impressions of women who require capital for starting businesses. This has made them to have a hard time explaining to lenders and bankers why they need financing. This situation persisted regardless of the fact that women presented better business cases as compared to men (Greenberg and Sweeney, 2005, p. 32). These arguments demonstrate that there is a gap in knowledge on how and why this situation has changed over time. The changes that have been experienced in the modern business world include decreasing scores of men in managerial tests. Despite the emphasis that has been put on importance of teamwork, it is argued that men have scored lower than women who have contributory and collaborative leadership behaviour and support for teamwork (Psychogios, 2007, p. 169). Women entrepreneurs have been considered to have a higher emotional intelligence in leadership as compared to men (DeCaro, DeCaro and Bowen-Thompson, 2010, p. 75). Emotional intelligence is associated with ability of a leader to act as a role model and create confidence among followers. These are typical attributes of a transformational leadership trait (Smith-Hunter and Leone, 2010, p. 21). Women are said to have a strong need to connect to their subordinates, a situation which often leads to building of trusting relationship between the management and employees. The

The Role of the Hospitality Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Role of the Hospitality Manager - Essay Example Hence the managers of the hotel or resort needs to ensure that proper customer services are provided for the long term success of the hotel or resort (Nasution and Mavondo, 2008). In order to understand the disparity of both roles in the professional context, it is significant to know about their basic roles. A leader is an influential personality who is capable to inspire people to follow his footsteps. A leader has a higher degree of convincing and persuasive qualities, which can make people act accordingly (O?Gorman, 2008). The leader has the power and potential to influence large masses if the right leadership qualties are demonstarted. The leaders are of different types and if the audience is convinced, the leader can bring about major chnages in the area of operations. Leadership is about establishing a concrete and clear vision, sharing your viewpoint with others and your co-workers so that they follow your outlook willingly. A leader can see the problems and the goals that ot hers usually don’t focus on or may be no one else wants to tackle. It’s only the leader that pays attention to the difficulties and objective with single minded determination (Academia21, 2010). Leaders may devise out of the box solutions duw to their creativeness in working around problems and this ability may not be possessed by others. Leadership also involves the coordination and balancing of the different interests of all the co-workers and stakeholders. The stakeholders and shareholders of the business are important entities that need tobe given careful consideration as their interest in the success and profitability of the business should be intact so that desired results can be obtained. This challenging task can be successfully carried out by the leader. A leader is supposed to provide information, knowledge and ways to actualise the vision that he carries along. This vision needs to be clear, consistent and without any biasness or doubt so that all the organi sation staff and the shareholders of the firm know the main aim of the organisation's operations. Leadership is necessitated in times of crisis and it is very crucial when creativity is required to deal with the situation (Bit Rebels, 2013). As far as relation of management and leadership is concerned; they both go hand in hand. It would not be wrong to call both of the roles as two sides of the same coin. Although they are not the same but they go together. Many of the times they are considered the same thing. One is incomplete without the other. A manager is supposed to plan, organise and coordinate whereas a leader is there to inspire and motivate. A manager needs to demonstrate consistency and discipline while conducting all the tasks. The manager needs to ensure that all employees are performing their job roles in a systematic mode and following the right direction of achieving the goals. A leader does not require any managerial position whereas a manager can be a true manager even if he has the leadership qualities in him (Tepeci and Bartlett, 2002). A leader is diverted more towrads the influential part rather than gaining a position in the organisation. To make it concise, some points describing a leader and manager are mentioned below Manager maintains, the leader develops and initiates. Manager pays attention on work procedures, the leader focuses on employees. Manager imitates,

Booty :: essays research papers

The joy of the word "booty" Who likes booty? I like booty, and I think we should all like booty. Whether it is pirate's treasure or the beautiful behind of a woman, booty is a fantastic possession. I come from the lower class section of Ft. Lauderdale and in that area the booty is most often linked to the description of the African-American woman's posterior. I have always used the word booty, but recently I was told that it was a "black" term. I was shocked to hear this, and when I inquired as to why it was a "black" term, I was told that I shouldn't use words like that because they make me sound foolish. I do not always use the word booty but in some circumstances it is very necessary to use it. In my opinion it adds emphasis in the description of the size and beauty of the butt. What could possibly be wrong with using a word that is supposedly a word from a different heritage? We use words like "sheik" and "entree" all the time. I believe that there are no "black or "white" words, some words just happen to be used more by certain races. We should not be limited to certain words just because we are of a particular race. I firmly believe that whether a person is black or white they should know the true meaning of booty and should know why many people are in love with the ever powerful booty. The word booty as defined in the New Dictionary of American Slang, is "esp. black, the female body as a sex object; the sex act; ASS." Where I come from, booty is a word that is used to describe an extravagant behind. From what I have learned and seen, booty describes the size, the thickness, and the luster of one of my favorite body parts: the butt. The word booty is so descriptive that when someone uses it is understood quickly and usually without discussion. I usually do not hear people describe white women or any other type of women other than African-American, for that matter, to have booties. Whether this means that they do not possess the qualities to have their posterior described as a booty, I do not know. I do know however, that I have seen women of various nationalities that have what I would consider perfect booties.

Our Relationship with Others.. Essay

â€Å"Our relationships with others help define who we are† In trying to make sense of ourselves we often look to others and our relationships with them to help us. Our first relationships are with our family. Their influence is often vital to our self- definition. These relationships can give us a sense of who we are and where we have come from and it is often comforting to know we are part of something bigger. Often these relationships are positive, but they can also be negative. Being rejected by our family is not wanted but it can have a big impact on who we are and how we live our lives. It can test our strength of character. As we move through to adulthood and start to gain a greater insight into who we are, we often look to others outside the family and they too can have a lasting influence on us. The people we meet and the experiences we share with them are crucial to our development as individuals. We need to cross these relationships carefully as we balance our uniqueness with conforming to keep those around us happy. Our family strongly influence the sense of who we are and our behavior, family is a part of who we are. What we first connect with is our parents and our family. What our parents said and what they did will influence our behaviour. In the film Skin, Sandra’s father Abraham told Sandra ‘Never give up’ and he never gave up reclassifying Sandra to be white. All of these influence Sandra, even though she left him for nearly 30 years, Sandra still remembered and did as what he said. It made her try to connect with her mother even though she never get her mother write back and Petrus was angry about this, but she never gave up. In the end of the film when Sandra’s children question why she bothers to look for her white family, Sandra said ‘You never stop needing your parents, they are party of who you are.’ For me, my parents influenced me a lot. For example, my mum had always played sport as a young girl and teenager and even now she still plays, an d this has influenced me because I now play or have played every sport that she has, and she is now the coach of my netball team. Where we find happiness is where we belong. Sometimes we need to try to find where we really belong, where people accept us and care for us. In the film  Skin, Sandra was rejected by her father because of her falling in love with Petrus. When she was rejected by her family she felt sad and confused, but she felt she did not belong in the white group and that she will never accepted by the white people, she felt happy when she stayed with Petrus, she had asked Petus ‘how could you make me feel better’ what Petrus did is he just accepted her. When she was rejected by her family Sandra chose to live with Petrus and found out that she was belonging to black community. What Sandra did is try to find where she really did belong, where she will be treated equality and be accepted. When Petrus found out that Sandra keep in touch with her mother, he got angry with Sandra he suspected her loyalty, he rejected her, and Sandra had to take her two children and left Petrus, to try t o find other places where she will have her happiness and make her felt like she belonged. Our sense identity also is influenced by other people, what other people say to us, say about us and how they act around us will change our sense of identity. When we move through to adulthood and start to gain a greater insight into who we are, we usually change our sense of identity by some outside influence. In the film Skin, when Abraham tried to put Sandra into a white school, what happened to her in the school changes herself identity. Sandra did not even know she was coloured unstill she started school where she was the target of prejudice, racism and abuse because the staff and students questioned her status as ‘white ’. When Sandra lived in the boarding, one of a little girl said to Sandra ‘They said you are black.’ When Sandra had maths class the teacher hit her and said she was ‘disgusting’, etc. What happened to her let Sandra know that she is not white, she is coloured and she will never got in the white community. All of these chan ged Sandra, when we can see that even at nearly 30 years old Sandra still feels inadequate, when she talks with people and she’s afraid look at others eye to eye.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Relapsing Remitting Ms ( Rrms )...

The first type of MS is Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) which is the most common disease course. â€Å"Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis affects about 85 percent of those first diagnosed with the disease and affects around 60 percent of people living with MS† (Brichford, 2015). In RRMS patients experience a period of clearly defined attacks which is called relapsing. The period following the relapse is called remission where the patient is symptom free. The last type of MS is Progression-relapsing (PRMS). This is the least common type of MS. Just like PPMS this type is also characterized by the gradual worsening of symptoms over the course of time. Patients will also experience relapses and remissions. Unlike RRMS, people with this type of MS do not usually regain complete functioning after a symptom relapse. Risk Factors There are many risk factors that may increase the risk of developing MS. The first factor is age.MS can occur at any age, but this disease mainly affects people between the ages of fifteen and sixty. The second factor is sex. Women are twice as more likely to develop MS than men.The third factor is race. Caucasians are at the highest risk of developing MS. People of the Asian, African, or Native American descent have the lowest risk. â€Å"MS is more common in whites, particularly those with Northern European ancestry. Some groups – people with African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American ancestry – seem to be at lower risk, although they can still get theShow MoreRelatedMultiple Sclerosis Affects More People Than Most Would Think1098 Words   |  5 PagesSclerosis Multiple Sclerosis affects more people than most would think. MS is an unpredictable disease that attacks the central nervous system but it is a difficult disease to diagnose due to multiple unknown factors. Each diagnosed case of MS is unique depending upon factors given by the patient. 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Major General J.E.B. Stuart in the Civil War

Major General J.E.B. Stuart was a famed Confederate cavalry commander during the Civil War who served with General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia. A Virginia native, he graduated from West Point and aided in quelling the Bleeding Kansas crisis. With the start of the Civil War, Stuart quickly distinguished himself and proved an able and daring commander. Leading the Army of Northern Virginias cavalry, he took part in all of its major campaigns. Stuart was mortally wounded in May 1864 at the Battle of Yellow Tavern and later died in Richmond, VA. Early Life Born February 6, 1833 at Laurel Hill Farm in Patrick County, VA, James Ewell Brown Stuart was the son of War of 1812 veteran Archibald Stuart and his wife Elizabeth. His great-grandfather, Major Alexander Stuart, commanded a regiment at the Battle of Guilford Court House during the American Revolution. When Stuart was four, his father was elected to Congress representing Virginias 7th District. Educated at home until age twelve, Stuart was then sent to Wytheville, VA to be tutored before entering Emory Henry College in 1848. That same year, he attempted to enlist in the US Army but was turned away due to his young age. In 1850, Stuart succeeded in obtaining an appointment to West Point from Representative Thomas Hamlet Averett. West Point A competent student, Stuart proved popular with his classmates and excelled at cavalry tactics and horsemanship. Among those in his class were Oliver O. Howard, Stephen D. Lee, William D. Pender, and Stephen H. Weed. While at West Point, Stuart first came in contact with Colonel Robert E. Lee who was appointed superintendent of the academy in 1852. During Stuarts time at the academy, he achieved the cadet rank of second captain of the corps and received the special recognition of cavalry officer for his skills on horseback. Early Career Graduating in 1854, Stuart placed 13th in a class of 46. Commissioned a brevet second lieutenant, he was assigned to the 1st US Mounted Rifles at Fort Davis, TX. Arriving in early 1855, he led patrols on the roads between San Antonio and El Paso. A short time later, Stuart received a transfer to the 1st US Cavalry Regiment at Fort Leavenworth. Acting as the regimental quartermaster, he served under Colonel Edwin V. Sumner. During his time at Fort Leavenworth, Stuart met Flora Cooke, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Philip St. George Cooke of the 2nd US Dragoon. An accomplished rider, Flora accepted his marriage proposal less than two months after they first met. The couple were married on November 14, 1855. For the next several years, Stuart served on the frontier taking part in operations against the Native Americans and working to control the violence of the Bleeding Kansas crisis. John Brown. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress On July 27, 1857, he was wounded near the Solomon River in a battle with the Cheyenne. Though struck in the chest, the bullet did little meaningful damage. An enterprising officer, Stuart invented a new type of saber hook in 1859 which was accepted for use by the US Army. Issued a patent for the device, he also earned $5,000 from licensing the design the military. While in Washington finalizing the contracts, Stuart volunteered to serve as Lees aide in capturing radical abolitionist John Brown who had attacked the armory at Harpers Ferry, VA. Fast Facts: Major General J.E.B. Stuart Rank: Major GeneralService: US Army, Confederate ArmyBorn: February 6, 1833 in Patrick County, VADied: May 12, 1864 in Richmond, VANickname: Knight of the Golden SpursParents: Archibald and Elizabeth StuartSpouse: Flora CookeConflicts: Civil WarKnown For: First Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Second Battle of Manassas, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Brandy Station, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Yellow Tavern Road to War Finding Brown holed up at Harpers Ferry, Stuart played a key role in the attack by delivering Lees surrender request and signaling the assault to begin. Returning to his post, Stuart was promoted to captain on April 22, 1861. This proved short-lived as following Virginias secession from the Union at the beginning of the Civil War he resigned his commission to join the Confederate Army. During this period, he was disappointed to learn that his father-in-law, a Virginian by birth, had elected to remain with the Union. Returning home, he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of Virginia Infantry on May 10. When Flora gave birth to a son in June, Stuart refused to allow the child to be named for his father-in-law. The Civil War Assigned to Colonel Thomas J. Jacksons Army of the Shenandoah, Stuart was given command of the organizations cavalry companies. These were quickly consolidated into the 1st Virginia Cavalry with Stuart in command as colonel. On July 21, he took part in the First Battle of Bull Run where his men aided in the pursuit of the fleeing Federals. After service on the upper Potomac, he was given command of a cavalry brigade in what would become the Army of Northern Virginia. With this came a promotion to brigadier general on September 21. Lieutenant General Thomas Stonewall Jackson. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Rise to Fame Taking part in the Peninsula Campaign in the spring of 1862, Stuarts cavalry saw little action due to the nature of the terrain, though he did see action at the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5. With the elevation of Lee to command at the end of the month, Stuarts role increased. Dispatched by Lee to scout the Union right, Stuarts brigade successfully rode around the entire Union army between June 12 and 15. Already known for his plumed hat and flamboyant style, the exploit made him famous across the Confederacy and greatly embarrassed Cooke who was commanding the Union cavalry. Promoted to major general on July 25, Stuarts command was enlarged to the Cavalry Division. Taking part in the Northern Virginia Campaign, he was nearly captured in August, but later succeeded in attacking Major General John Popes headquarters. For the remainder of the campaign, his men provided screening forces and flank protection, while seeing action at Second Manassas and Chantilly. As Lee invaded Maryland that September, Stuart was tasked with screening the army. He failed somewhat in this task in that his men failed to gather key intelligence regarding the advancing Union army. The campaign culminated on September 17, at the Battle of Antietam. His horse artillery bombarded Union troops during the opening phases of the fight, but he was unable to conduct a flank attack requested by Jackson that afternoon due to heavy resistance. In the wake of the battle, Stuart again rode around the Union army, but to little military effect. After providing routine cavalry operations in the fall, Stuarts cavalry guarded the Confederate right during the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13. During the winter, Stuart raided as far north as Fairfax Court House. Chancellorsville Brandy Station With the resumption of campaigning in 1863, Stuart accompanied Jackson during the latters famed flanking march at the Battle of Chancellorsville. When Jackson and Major General A.P. Hill were severely wounded, Stuart was placed in command of their corps for the remainder of the battle. After performing well in this role, he was badly embarrassed when his cavalry was surprised by their Union counterparts at the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9. In a daylong fight, his troopers narrowly avoided defeat. Later that month, Lee began another march north with the goal of invading Pennsylvania. Gettysburg Campaign For the advance, Stuart was tasked with covering the mountain passes as well as screening Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Second Corps. Instead of taking a direct route along the Blue Ridge, Stuart, perhaps with the goal of erasing the stain of Brandy Station, took the bulk of his force between the Union army and Washington with an eye to capturing supplies and creating chaos. Advancing, he was driven further east by Union forces, delaying his march and forcing him away from Ewell. While he captured a large amount of supplies and fought several minor battles, his absence deprived Lee of his prime scouting force in the days prior to the Battle of Gettysburg. Arriving at Gettysburg on July 2, he was rebuked by Lee for his actions. The next day he was ordered to attack the Union rear in conjunction with Picketts Charge but was blocked by Union forces east of the town. Though he performed well in covering the armys retreat after the battle, he was later made one of the scapegoats for the Confederate defeat. That September, Lee reorganized his mounted forces into a Cavalry Corps with Stuart in command. Unlike his other corps commanders, Stuart was not promoted to lieutenant general. That fall saw him perform well during the Bristoe Campaign. Final Campaign With the beginning of the Union Overland Campaign in May 1864, Stuarts men saw heavy action during the Battle of the Wilderness. With the conclusion of fighting, they shifted south and fought a vital action at Laurel Hill, delaying Union forces from reaching Spotsylvania Court House. As fighting raged around Spotsylvania Court House, the commander of the Union cavalry, Major General Philip Sheridan, received permission to mount a large raid south. Driving across the North Anna River, he was soon pursued by Stuart. The two forces clashed at the Battle of Yellow Tavern on May 11. In the fighting, Stuart was mortally wounded when a bullet struck him in the left side. In great pain, he was taken to Richmond where he died the next day. Only 31-years old, Stuart was buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.